BMW 4 Series recalls
49 official safety recalls for the BMW 4 Series from NHTSA (United States), DVSA (United Kingdom) and the EU Safety Gate, newest first. Recall repairs are normally free at the maker’s dealers.
Whether your car is affected and still needs the repair depends on its VIN or registration. Check it on the official site for your country:
- United States: nhtsa.gov/recalls
- United Kingdom: check-vehicle-recalls.service.gov.uk
Starter motor relay may short circuit
Deposits in the starter motor relay may increase contact resistance, causing failed starts or a short circuit that could lead to a thermal event. The starter motor will be replaced with a different design.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- Replace the Engine Starter Motor
- Defect
- The Safety Recall relates to the engine starter motor. The fault relates to the RSW22 starter RWT (reinforced water tightness). It was found that with RWT starters an increased abrasion of the magnetic contact can cause the growth of deposits at the lowest point of the relay interior. This in turn may increase the relay contact resistance resulting in false starts or even causing short circuits and possibly a thermal reaction. In case of a short circuit the possibility of a thermal event cannot be excluded. This may happen while attempting to start the vehicle or while driving due to vibrations causing a short circuit due to moving deposits.
- Remedy
- On the affected vehicles the starter motor will be replaced with a variant by another supplier with a different design. Until the repair has been completed it is recommended to not leave the vehicle running unattended after starting the engine.
Engine starter may overheat and catch fire
Wear on an internal component may cause the engine starter to overheat and catch fire, increasing injury risk. Dealers will replace the starter, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLY
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021-2023 Toyota Supra, 2022-2023 2 Series Coupe, 2021-2024 5 Series (xDrive), 2021-2022 Z4, 2022-2024 4 Series (Gran Coupe), 2021-2024 4 Series (Convertible and xDrive Convertible), 2021-2023 4 Series (Coupe), 2021-2024 3 Series, 2021-2023 X4, 2021-2024 X3 vehicles. Please see the recall report for a complete list of all models. The engine starter may overheat and catch fire due to wear on an internal component.
- Consequence
- Fire increases the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- Dealers will replace the engine starter, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed July 21, 2026. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417 or Toyota's customer service at 1-800-331-4331. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will be searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning March 24, 2026.
Airbag inflator may rupture
An affected driver or passenger airbag may deploy with excessive force and release sharp metal fragments, which could cause serious or fatal injuries. The airbags will be checked and replaced if necessary.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- Takata Driver and/or Passenger Airbag Recall (Global VINs)
- Defect
- Affected vehicles are already included in Safety Recalls within the markets they have previously resided in. The vehicles may be fitted with a driver and/or passenger airbag/s which if deployed may do so with excessive force causing sharp metal fragments to be released this may cause serious injury which could prove fatal to people in the vicinity.
- Remedy
- Vehicles will have the affected airbags checked and if necessary replaced.
Head air bag inflator may leak or rupture
The inflator may leak gas or rupture at a weld, so the air bag may only partly inflate or metal fragments may enter or exit the vehicle. This can increase the risk of injury. Dealers will replace the head air bags free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS:SIDE/WINDOW:HEAD
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2014 4 Series Coupe (428i, 428i xDrive, 435i, 435i xDrive), 3 Series Sedan (320i, 320i xDrive, 328i, 328i xDrive, 335i, 335i xDrive), and 2014-2015 2 Series Coupe (228i, 228i xDrive, M235i, M235i xDrive) vehicles. The head air bag inflator may fail at the weld joint, which can cause gas to leak from the inflator or result in an inflator rupture.
- Consequence
- An inflator that ruptures may cause sharp metal fragments to enter or exit the vehicle, increasing the risk of injury. Additionally, an inflator that leaks gas may only partially inflate during a crash, increasing the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- Dealers will replace the head air bags, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 12, 2026. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
Water ingress may corrode the starter motor
Water may enter and corrode the starter motor, and a short circuit cannot be ruled out. The starter motor will be replaced. Until repaired, park outdoors and away from buildings.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- Replace the Engine Starter Motor
- Defect
- For affected vehicles there is a concern involving water ingress and corrosion to the starter motor for where a short circuit cannot be ruled out. It is strongly recommended to park the vehicle outdoors and not in the immediate vicinity of buildings until the repair has been carried out.
- Remedy
- Replacement of the starter motor.
Power distributor connection may be loose
The screw connection on the boot's B+ power distributor may not be properly tightened. The connections will be reworked.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- Screw Connection of the Power Supply
- Defect
- On affected vehicles the screw connection on the B+ power distributor in the vehicle's boot may have not been properly tightened.
- Remedy
- On affected vehicles the connections will be reworked.
Battery cables may be improperly connected
Positive battery cables may not be properly connected to the power distribution box, which can cause an engine stall or fire. Dealers will inspect and replace the cables and power distribution box as necessary, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:WIRING:POWER DISTRIBUTION MODULE/IPDM
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2026 M4 and 430i vehicles. The positive battery cables may not be properly connected to the power distribution box, resulting in an engine stall and a fire.
- Consequence
- An engine stall increases the risk of a crash and a fire increases the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- Dealers will inspect and replace cables and power distribution box as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed November 20, 2025. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall will be searchable on NHTSA.gov beginning November 17, 2025.
Starter relay may overheat and short circuit
Park outside: the maker advises parking affected vehicles outdoors, away from buildings, until they are repaired.
The engine starter relay may corrode, overheat and short circuit, increasing fire risk. Dealers will replace the engine starter free of charge. Park outside and away from structures until the repair is complete.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLY:RELAY
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 BMW 330i, 2019-2022 BMW Z4, 2020-2022 BMW 530i, X3, X4, Toyota Supra, 2021-2022 BMW 430i, 430i Convertible, and 2022 BMW 230i vehicles. The engine starter relay may corrode, causing the relay to overheat and short circuit.
- Consequence
- A short circuit in the starter relay may increase the risk of a fire.
- Remedy
- Owners are advised to park their vehicles outside and away from structures until the remedy is complete. Dealers will replace the engine starter, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 6, 2026. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417. Vehicle Identification Numbers (VINs) involved in this recall became searchable on NHTSA.gov November 14, 2025.
Starter-generator connection may come loose
The starter-generator connection may come loose, causing an engine stall or overheated wiring that could increase the risk of a fire. Dealers will inspect and replace the starter-generator and positive battery cable as needed, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:STARTER ASSEMBLY
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2025 330i, 330i xDrive, 530i, 530i xDrive, 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive), 4 Series Convertible (430i, 430i xDrive), 4 Series Gran Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive) and X3 30 xDrive vehicles. The electrical connection between the starter-generator and battery may come loose.
- Consequence
- A loose starter-generator connection can result in an engine stall, increasing the risk of a crash. In addition, the wiring may overheat, increasing the risk of a fire.
- Remedy
- Dealers will inspect and replace the starter-generator and positive battery cable as necessary, free of charge. Interim owner letters notifying owners of the safety risk were mailed May 28, 2025. Second letters will be sent once the remedy is available. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1- 888-275-9171) or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Driver airbag may release metal fragments
A previously recalled airbag fitted during a retrofit or conversion may deploy with excessive force and release sharp metal fragments, potentially causing serious or fatal injury. The airbag will be checked and replaced if necessary.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- Check Driverâs Airbag for Conversion Takata SDI & PSDI-5
- Defect
- Affected vehicles may have had a retrofit or conversion of the airbag using a previously recalled airbag variant which if deployed may do so with excessive force causing sharp metal fragments to be released this may cause serious injury possibly fatal to people in the vicinity. The original factory fitment airbag for the vehicle is not affected.
- Remedy
- Vehicles will have the airbag checked and if necessary replaced.
Water pump connector may short circuit
Water may reach an improperly sealed electrical connector on the water pump and cause a short circuit, increasing fire risk. Dealers will inspect and replace the water pump and connector as necessary, and install a protective shield, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:WIRING:CONNECTORS/PLUGS/RECEPTACLES
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC. (BMW) is recalling certain 2012-2015 X1 sDrive28i, X1 xDrive28i, 2012-2016 Z4 sDrive28i, 528i, 528i xDrive, 328i, 328xi, 2016-2018 X5 xdrive 40e, 2014-2016 228i, 228xi, 428i, 428i xDrive, 328xi Gran Turismo, 2013-2017 X3 sDrive28i, X3 xDrive28i, 2015-2018 X4 xDrive28i, 2015-2016 428xi vehicles. An improperly sealed electrical connector on the water pump may be exposed to water and short circuit.
- Consequence
- An electrical short increases the risk of a fire.
- Remedy
- Dealers will inspect and replace the water pump and plug connector as necessary, and install a protective shield, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on March 28, 2025. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Driver air bag inflator may explode
A manufacturing defect may cause the driver air bag inflator to explode during deployment, sending sharp metal fragments into occupants and increasing the risk of injury or death. The driver air bag will be replaced free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:DRIVER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2015 6 Series Gran Coupe, 2014 5 Series Gran Turismo, 2014 5 Series Sedan, 2015 6 Series Convertible, 2015 6 Series Coupe, 2014 X5, 2013-2014 X3, 2014-2015 3 Series Sedan, 2014 4 Series Coupe, 2014 4 Series Convertible, 2014 3 Series Gran Turismo, and 2015 4 Series Gran Coupe vehicles. Please see the recall report for the complete list of models. The driver's air bag inflator may explode during deployment, due to a manufacturing defect.
- Consequence
- An inflator explosion may result in sharp metal fragments striking the driver or other occupants, increasing the risk of injury or death.
- Remedy
- The driver's front air bag will be replaced, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed September 6, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Head air bag inflator may leak or rupture
The head air bag inflator may fail at a weld, leaking gas or rupturing. A rupture may send sharp metal fragments into or out of the vehicle; a leak may leave the air bag partly inflated. Dealers will replace the head air bags free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS:SIDE/WINDOW
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2014-2015 2 Series Coupe (228i, 228i xDrive, M235i), 3 Series Sedan (320i, 320i xDrive, 328i, 328i xDrive, 335i, 335i xDrive, M3, 328d, 328d xDrive), 4 Series Coupe (428i, 428i xDrive, 435i, 435i xDrive, M4), and 2015 4 Series Gran Coupe (428i, 428i xDrive, 435i, 435i xDrive) vehicles. The head air bag inflator may fail at the weld joint, which can cause gas to leak from the inflator or result in an inflator rupture.
- Consequence
- An inflator that ruptures may cause sharp metal fragments to enter or exit the vehicle, increasing the risk of injury. Additionally, an inflator that leaks gas may only partially inflate during a crash, increasing the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- Dealers will replace the head air bags, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed November 4, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Cylinder head cover may crack and leak oil
The cylinder head cover may crack and leak oil into the engine compartment. If the oil contacts an ignition source, such as hot engine or exhaust components, fire risk may increase. Dealers will inspect and replace the cover as needed, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ENGINE
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2024 BMW 430i convertible vehicles. The cylinder head cover may develop cracks, resulting in oil leaking into engine compartment.
- Consequence
- An oil leak in the presence of an ignition source, such as a hot engine or exhaust components, can increase the risk of a fire.
- Remedy
- Dealers will inspect and replace the cylinder head cover as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed February 14, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Transmission oil may leak into control unit
A poorly manufactured weld on the transmission control unit cover may allow transmission oil to leak into the unit. This can seize the transmission gears and cause sudden loss of drive power. Dealers will replace the transmission mechatronics module and transmission fluid as necessary, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- POWER TRAIN:AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION:CONTROL MODULE (TCM/PCM/TECM)
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2023 Toyota GR Supra, 3 Series Sedan (330i xDrive, M340i xDrive, M3), 5 Series Sedan (530i, 530i xDrive, M5), 4 Series Gran Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive), 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive), 4 Series Convertible (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive), 8 Series Coupe (840i, M850i xDrive, M8), 8 Series Convertible (840i, M850i xDrive, M8), 8 Series Gran Coupe (850i xDrive, M8), X3 SAV (X3 xDrive30i, X3M), X4 SAV (X4 xDrive30i), X5 SAV (X5 xDrive40i, X5 M50i, X5M), X6 SAV (X6 xDrive40i, X6 M50i, X6M), and Z4 sDrive30i, Z4 M40i vehicles. The weld seam of the integrated transmission control unit's cover may not have been manufactured properly, which could allow automatic transmission oil to leak into the transmission control unit.
- Consequence
- Transmission oil that leaks into the control unit can lead to a seizure of the transmission gears, causing a sudden loss of drive power and increasing the risk of a crash.
- Remedy
- Dealers will replace the transmission mechatronics module and the automatic transmission fluid, as necessary, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed January 26, 2024. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Seat belt warning chime may fail
Audio module software may fail to sound the driver's seat belt warning properly, increasing injury risk in a crash. Dealers will update the software free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:SOFTWARE
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2022 330i, 330i xDrive, M340i, 2022 430i Coupe, 2021-2022 430i, M440i Convertible, and 2020-2022 228i xDrive Gran Coupe vehicles. The receiver audio module control unit software may fail to properly generate audible seat belt warnings to the driver to fasten their seat belt. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection."
- Consequence
- An audible chime that does not properly alert the driver to fasten their seat belt increases the risk of injury in a crash.
- Remedy
- Dealers will update the receiver audio module software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed October 12, 2023. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Body domain controller may have incorrect settings
The body domain controller may have an incorrect setting. Its settings will be checked and reset if necessary.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- On certain vehicles the Body Domain Controller (BDC) control unit may have an incorrect setting applied to it.
- Defect
- On certain vehicles the Body Domain Controller (BDC) control unit may have an incorrect setting applied to it.
- Remedy
- Conduct a check of the settings and if necessary perform a reset on the BDC control unit.
Door control software may prevent locks from engaging
Incorrect ECU programming can prevent automatic door locks from working as intended. Doors may open during a crash, increasing the risk of injury. Dealers will update the ECU software free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:BODY CONTROL MODULE:SOFTWARE
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2023 330i, 330i xDrive, M340i, M340i xDrive, M3, 330e, 330e xDrive, 430i Convertible, 430i xDrive, M440i, 2022-2023 430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive, i4 eDrive40, and i4 M50 vehicles. During a service visit, a replacement electronic control unit (ECU) may have been installed with incorrect programming, which can cause the automatic door locking (ADL) function to not lock the doors as intended.
- Consequence
- Doors that do not lock as intended while the vehicle is in motion may open during a crash, increasing the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- Dealers will update the ECU software, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed April 10, 2023. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Airbag inflator may rupture
Degraded airbag propellant tablets may cause overly rapid combustion when the airbag activates, which could rupture the inflator body. Replace the driver airbag module.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- A possible degradation of the propellant tablets could lead to an over-aggressive combustion in the event the airbag is activated which may cause the inflator body to rupture.
- Defect
- A possible degradation of airbag propellant tablets could lead to an over-aggressive combustion in the event the airbag is activated which may cause the inflator body to rupture.
- Remedy
- On affected vehicles the drivers airbag module will be replaced.
EGR leaks may cause heat in the intake manifold
Undetected EGR system leaks may cause thermal activity in the intake manifold. Dealers will update the engine management control unit software with the latest OBD functionality.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- Undetected EGR System leaks may cause thermal activity in the intake manifold
- Defect
- Undetected EGR System leaks may cause thermal activity in the intake manifold.
- Remedy
- The engine management control unit (DDE) will be programmed with improved software incorporating the latest OBD functionality.
EGR cooler may leak and cause a thermal incident
The EGR cooler may leak over time and cause a thermal incident. The EGR cooler module will be replaced.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- THE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION COOLER MAY LEAK OVER TIME AND CAUSE THERMAL INCIDENT
- Defect
- The Exhaust Gas Recirculation cooler may leak over time and cause thermal incident.
- Remedy
- On the affected vehicles the EGR cooler module will be replaced.
Sunroof may close without key fob present
Incorrect control unit programming may allow the sunroof to close without the key fob inside the vehicle, increasing the risk of injury. Dealers will reprogram the control unit free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- VISIBILITY:SUN/MOON ROOF ASSEMBLY
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2022 4 Series Gran Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive); 2019-2022 X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50i, X5 M50i, X5M; 2021-2022 X5 xdrive45e; 2020-2022 X6 sDrive40i, X6 xDrive40i, X6 xDrive50i, X6M and 2019-2023 X7 xDrive40i, X7 xDrive50i, X7 M50i, X7 xDrive60i, X7 M60i, X7M, Alpina XB7 vehicles. The roof function control unit may be programmed incorrectly, allowing the sunroof to close without the key fob present inside the vehicle. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 118, "Power-Operated Window Systems."
- Consequence
- A sunroof that closes without the key fob present inside the vehicle can increase the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- Dealers will reprogram the roof function control unit, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed June 20, 2022. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
Passenger seat belt retractor may deactivate early
The passenger seat belt's automatic locking retractor may deactivate before the webbing fully retracts. In a crash, a retractor that does not work as intended increases injury risk. Dealers will inspect the seat belt retractors and replace them if necessary, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- SEAT BELTS
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021 2 Series (230i, 230i xDrive, M240i, M240i xDrive), 330e, 330e Xdrive, 4 Series Coupe (430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive) M4 Coupe, M4 Competition Coupe, BMW 4 Series Convertible (430i, M440i), BMW X1 sDrive28i, xDrive28i, 2 Series Gran Coupe (228i, 228i xDrive, M235i xDrive), M2 Competition Coupe, 330i, 330i xDrive, M340i, M340i xDrive, M3, M3 Competition, 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i, 540i xDrive, MINI Hardtop 2 Door (Cooper, CooperS, JCW), X2 sDrive28i, X2 xDrive28i, X2 M35i, Z4 sDrive30i, Z4 M40i, MINI Hardtop 2 Door (Cooper SE), MINI Convertible (Cooper, Cooper S, JCW), MINI Clubman (Cooper S, Cooper S All4, JCW), MINI Countryman (Cooper, Cooper All4, Cooper S, Cooper S All4, JCW All4), Rolls Royce Ghost, MINI Countryman (Cooper S E All4), Rolls Royce Phantom, Rolls Royce Cullinan, and Toyota Supra vehicles. The passenger seat belt Automatic Locking Retractor (ALR) may deactivate early, before the webbing fully retracts. As such, these assemblies fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard number 208, "Occupant Crash Protection."
- Consequence
- During a crash, a seat belt retractor that does not function as intended increases the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- Dealers will inspect the seat belt retractors (including the seat belts) and, if necessary, replace the retractors, free of charge. Owner notification letters were mailed on September 3, 2021. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417; 1-866-825-1525 (MINI); 1-877-877-3735 (Rolls Royce); and 1-888-270-9371 (Toyota).
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.nhtsa.gov.
EGR module may leak and cause a thermal incident
The EGR module may leak over time and cause a thermal incident. Dealers will inspect the EGR cooler with an endoscope and replace it if they find evidence of a leak.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- THE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION MODULE COULD LEAK OVER TIME
- Defect
- The Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Module could leak over time�and cause thermal incident.
- Remedy
- The EGR cooler will be internally inspected with an endoscope and replaced if evidence of leaking is found.
Brake discs may not meet specifications
Some brake discs may not have been made to specification. The discs will be checked and replaced if necessary.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- AFFECTED VEHICLES MAY BE FITTED WITH BRAKE DISCS WHICH ARE NOT TO SPECIFICATION
- Defect
- Affected vehicles may be fitted with brake discs which were not produced according to the specifications
- Remedy
- On the affected vehicles the brake discs will be checked and if necessary replaced
Head-thorax air bag may not deploy as intended
In certain side-impact crashes, the head-thorax air bag may not deploy as intended, increasing injury risk. Dealers will update the software at no charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS:SIDE/WINDOW:HEAD
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021 430i and M440i 4 Series Convertible vehicles. In certain side-impact crashes, the head-thorax air bag may not deploy as intended.
- Consequence
- An air bag that deploys incorrectly can increase the risk of injury in a crash.
- Remedy
- Dealers will update the software, at no charge. All affected vehicles are still in dealer inventory, and therefore no owner letters will be mailed. The recall began March 9, 2021. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Rearview camera image may be obscured or missing
When Reverse is selected, part of the rearview camera image may be obscured or the screen may not light up, increasing the risk of a crash or injury. Dealers will inspect the camera software and update it if needed, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- BACK OVER PREVENTION:SOFTWARE
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2021 X3 sDrive30i, X3 xDrive30i, X3 M40i, X3M, X4 xDrive30i, X4 M40i, M550i, X4M, X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X5 xDrive50i, X5M, X5 M50i, X7 xDrive40i, X7 xDrive50i, X7 M50i, Alpina XB7, 330i, 330i xDrive, M340i, M340i xDrive, and 8 Series Coupe, Convertible and Grand Coupe, 840i, 840i xDrive, M850i xDrive, M8, 2020-2021 530e, 530e xDrive, 330e, 330e xDrive, 745Le, 745Le xDrive, X5 xDrive45e, X3 xDrive30e, X6 sDrive40i, X6 xDrive40i, X6 xDrive50i, X6 M50i, X6M, 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i, 540i xDrive, M550i xDrive, M5, 740i, 740Li, 740Li xDrive, M760i Drive, M760Li xDrive, 750Li xDrive Alpina, Alpina B7 xDrive, and 2021 4 Series Coupe 430i, 430i xDrive, M440i xDrive vehicles. When shifting into Reverse, a small portion of the rearview image may be obscured, or the screen may not illuminate. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) number 111, "Rear Visibility."
- Consequence
- If the driver relies on only the rearview camera image, the missing or reduced rearview image view can increase the risk of a crash or injury.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the rearview camera software and update it if necessary, free of charge. The recall began April 16, 2021. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Exhaust gas recirculation cooler may leak
Leaking coolant can combine with soot and oil deposits in the EGR module to form ignitable deposits. The cooler will be inspected internally and replaced if a leak is found.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- THE EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION COOLER COULD LEAK OVER TIME
- Defect
- Leaking glycol coolant could create in combination with soot and oil sediments in the EGR module ignitable deposits.
- Remedy
- The EGR cooler will be internally inspected with an endoscope and replaced if evidence of leaking is found.
Starter generator battery cables may not be secure
The 48V starter generator battery cables may not be sufficiently secured. Their screw connections will be checked and reworked if necessary.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- THE BATTERY CABLES ON THE 48V STARTER GENERATOR MAY NOT HAVE BEEN SUFFICIENTLY SECURED DURING PRODUCTION
- Defect
- The battery cables on the 48V starter generator may not have been sufficiently secured during the production process.
- Remedy
- Check the screw connection of the 48V positive / negative battery cables on the starter generator and rework if necessary.
48-volt battery connection may overheat
A poorly assembled connection between the 48-volt battery and starter-generator may develop increased electrical resistance, raising the risk of fire. Dealers will inspect the connection and replace it if needed, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ELECTRICAL SYSTEM:12V/24V/48V BATTERY
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2021 M340i xDrive, M440i xDrive Coupe, 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i, 540i xDrive, 740Li, 740Li xDrive, 840i Gran Coupe, 840i xDrive Gran Coupe, X5 sDrive40i, X5 xDrive40i, X6 sDrive40i, X6 xDrive40i, and X7 xDrive40i vehicles. The connection between the 48-Volt battery and the starter-generator may not have been assembled properly, which can cause increased electrical resistance at the connections.
- Consequence
- Increased electrical resistance can increase the risk of a fire.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will inspect the connection between the 48-Volt battery and the starter-generator assembly, replacing it if necessary, free of charge. The recall is expected to begin April 12, 2021. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Knee air bags may not deploy as intended
The driver or passenger knee air bag may be improperly folded or assembled and may not deploy as intended, increasing injury risk. Dealers will replace the knee air bag modules free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS:KNEE BOLSTER
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2019-2020 230i, 230i xDrive, M240i, M240i xDrive, M2 Competition Coupe, 430i, 430i xDrive, 440i, 440i xDrive, M4, and 2019 330i xDrive Sportswagon vehicles. The driver and passenger knee air bag assemblies may have been improperly folded and assembled.
- Consequence
- An improperly folded and assembled air bag may not deploy as intended, increasing risk of injury.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the knee air bag modules, free of charge. The recall began July 8, 2019. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Exhaust gas recirculation cooler may leak
The exhaust gas recirculation cooler may leak, creating a fire risk. It will be inspected for leaks and deposits, and replaced on affected vehicles.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION MODULE COOLER COULD LEAK
- Defect
- The EGR cooler may leakpresenting a fire risk
- Remedy
- A visual inspection of the EGR cooler to check for leaks and excessive build-up of deposits. The EGR cooler will be replaced on all affected vehicles
EGR cooler may leak and pose a fire risk
The exhaust gas recirculation cooler may leak over time, posing a fire risk. It will be replaced with an improved version.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION COOLER COULD POTENTIALLY LEAK OVER TIME
- Defect
- The EGR cooler may leakpresenting a fire risk.
- Remedy
- The EGR cooler will be replaced with an improved version.
Crankshaft sensor software fault
A software fault in the crankshaft sensor may affect its operation. The sensor will be replaced with a new version.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- SOFTWARE FAULT IN CRANKSHAFT SENSOR
- Defect
- The affected vehicles may be equipped with a crankshaft sensor with a software fault.
- Remedy
- On the affected vehicles the crankshaft sensor will be replaced with a new version.
Crankshaft sensor fault may reduce engine power
A software fault may prevent the crankshaft sensor from processing signals correctly. The engine may run roughly, lose power or stall while driving. The crankshaft sensor will be replaced with a new version.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- SOFTWARE FAULT WITH CRANKSHAFT SENSOR
- Defect
- The affected vehicles may be equipped with a crankshaft sensor with a software fault. The crankshaft sensor cannot process the signal values from the crankshaft transmitter due to an improper firmware level. The firmware does not compensate sufficiently the temperature gradients and the magnetic field strength of the sensor electronic. If the crankshaft sensor cannot process the signal values from the transmitter the Digital Diesel Electronic (DDE) will notice that and change to the emergency operation mode. The emergency mode will be displayed by the check control message �engine malfunction�. The driver may notice a rough running engine and a reduced driving power (70%). However an engine stalling during driving conditions cannot be excluded.
- Remedy
- On the affected vehicles the crankshaft sensor will be replaced with a new version.
Passenger airbag may not deploy properly
A manufacturing defect in the front passenger airbag inflator may affect deployment in a crash and increase injury risk. Dealers will replace the front passenger airbag module free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS:FRONTAL:PASSENGER SIDE:INFLATOR MODULE
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling one each of 2019 BMW 430i xDrive Gran Coupe, 440i xDrive Gran Coupe and 430i xDrive Convertible vehicles. The front passenger air bag inflator may have been incorrectly manufactured, potentially affecting the air bag deployment performance in the event of a crash.
- Consequence
- If the front passenger air bag does not deploy properly in the event of a crash, the occupant has an increased risk of injury.
- Remedy
- All affected vehicles are still in dealer inventory. Dealers will replace the front passenger air bag module, free of charge.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Crankshaft sensor may cause engine stall
Incorrect sensor firmware may prevent the crankshaft sensor from processing input properly, causing the vehicle to stall and increasing crash risk. Dealers will replace the crankshaft sensor, free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- ENGINE AND ENGINE COOLING:ENGINE
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2018 BMW 540d xDrive vehicles. The crankshaft sensor may be equipped with incorrect firmware, preventing the sensor from properly processing input from the crankshaft reluctor ring, possibly resulting in a vehicle stall. On September 12, 2018, BMW expanded the recall to a total of 5,309 vehicles including certain 2018-2019 BMW 540d xDrive, 230i M240i, M240i xDrive, X2 sDrive28i, X2 xDrive28i, X1 sDrive28i, X1 xDrive28i, 330i, 330i xDrive, 340i, 340i xDrive, 330i xDrive Gran Turismo, 530i, 530i xDrive, 540i, 540i xDrive, 530e, 530e xDrive, 640i xDrive Gran Turismo, 330e, 2019 430i Gran Coupe, 430i xDrive Gran Coupe, 440i Gran Coupe, 440i xDrive Gran Coupe, 430i, 430i xDrive, 440i, 440i xDrive, 740i, 740i xDrive, MINI Cooper, Cooper S, JCW, MINI Countryman (Cooper, Cooper All4, Cooper S, Cooper S All4, JCW All4), and MINI Clubman (Cooper, Cooper S, Cooper All4, Cooper S All4, JCW All4) vehicles.
- Consequence
- A vehicle stall can increase the risk of a crash.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the crankshaft sensor, free of charge. The recall began September 6, 2018. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Front seat fixing bolt may loosen
A front seat fixing bolt may loosen and come off, allowing the seat to move backwards in a rear-end crash. Dealers will check for excessive clearance and replace the bolt if needed.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- FRONT SEAT FIXING MECHANISM MAY BE INSECURE
- Defect
- Due to a fault in the supplier's production process the bolt on the outer side of the seat mechanism on both front seats might not have been fixed properly. In cases where the bolt loosens the customer would be alerted by noise coming from the seat and a noticeable increase in seat clearance/movement. If this is ignored by the customer the securing bolt on the outer side of the seat might come off. If the securing bolt comes off the seat can move backwards in a rear end crash situation.
- Remedy
- The bolt on the seat mechanism will be checked for excessive clearance and if necessary replaced.
Front seatbelts may not restrain occupants
Incompatible locking mechanism housings in the front seatbelt assemblies may prevent a belt from restraining an occupant in a crash, increasing injury risk. Dealers will inspect and, if necessary, replace the front seatbelt assemblies free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- SEAT BELTS:FRONT
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2018 430i, 430i xDrive, 440i, 440i xDrive, and M4 convertible vehicles. The Emergency Locking Retractors (ELR) within the front seat belt assemblies may have been produced with incompatible vehicle-sensitive locking mechanism housings.
- Consequence
- If the vehicle has an incompatible vehicle-sensitive locking mechanism, the seat belt may not restrain the seat occupant in the event of a crash, increasing the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will inspect and, if necessary replace, the front seat belt assemblies, free of charge. The recall began October 13, 2017. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Seat-mounted side airbag may not deploy
A seat-mounted side airbag inflator initiator may fail to ignite in a crash, preventing the airbag from deploying and increasing injury risk. Dealers will replace the airbag modules free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain 2017 430i, 430i xDrive, 440i, 440i xDrive and M4 vehicles and Rolls-Royce Dawn vehicles. The affected vehicles have seat-mounted side air bag inflator initiators that may fail to ignite during a crash.
- Consequence
- If the air bag inflator initiator fails to ignite, the seat-mounted air bag will not deploy, increasing the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the air bag modules, free of charge. The recall began April 17, 2017. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Airbag may not deploy in a collision
An incorrectly manufactured airbag igniter may affect deployment in a collision. Affected airbag modules will be replaced where necessary.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- AIRBAGS MAY NOT DEPLOY
- Defect
- The igniter for the certain airbag modules may not have been correctly manufactured which may affect air bag deployment in the event of a collision.
- Remedy
- Where necessary replace affected airbag modules.
Electric power steering may fail
An electrical contact in the power steering control unit may not be durable, causing steering assistance to fail and, in a few cases, a localised thermal event. The steering gear will be replaced.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- POWER STEERING MAY NOT PERFORM CORRECTLY
- Defect
- The electrical contact of the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) of the Electric Power Steering (EPS) is not sufficiently robust over the service life of the vehicle. As a result the power steering support may fail possibly leading to disconcerting driving situation for the driver. Additionally in a few cases a localised thermal event cannot be excluded.
- Remedy
- Recall the vehicles that are likely to be affected and replace the steering gear (EPS).
Seat-mounted side air bag may not deploy
The initiator in a seat-mounted side air bag may fail to ignite during a crash, preventing deployment and increasing injury risk. Dealers will replace the air bag modules free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain model year 2017 BMW 640i, 640i xDrive, 650i, 650i xDrive, M6, 535i, 535i xDrive, 430i, 430i xDrive, 440i, 440i xDrive, M4, X1 sDrive28i, X1 xDrive28i, i3, i8, Rolls-Royce Dawn, Mini Clubman Cooper, Clubman Cooper S, Cooper All4, Cooper S All4, Mini 4-Door Cooper, Cooper S, Mini 2-Door Cooper, Cooper S, John Cooper Works and 2016 BMW 528i, 528i xDrive, 535i, 535i xDrive, 550i, 550i xDrive, M5 and 535d vehicles. The affected vehicles have seat- mounted side air bag inflator initiators that may fail to ignite during a crash.
- Consequence
- If the air bag inflator initiator fails to ignite, the seat-mounted air bag will not deploy, increasing the risk of injury.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the air bag modules, free of charge. The recall began February 6, 2017. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Rear axle support bolts may affect handling
Reused rear axle support bolts may loosen, causing noise and vibration and potentially affecting handling. The bolts will be replaced.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- POSSIBLE LOSS OF CONTROL
- Defect
- The bolts securing the rear axle support should not be re-used after removal. Affected vehicles may have had the rear axle support refitted after repair work using the original fitted bolts. These may work and though noise and vibration are likely continued use may affect the vehicle's handling.
- Remedy
- On affected vehicles replace the rear axle support bolts.
Fuel pump may fail and cause the engine to stall
Excess friction in the fuel pump may make it inoperative, causing a no-start condition or engine stall. A warning lamp and message may appear. Steering and brakes will still function. The fuel pump will be replaced with a modified version.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- ENGINE MAY STALL
- Defect
- The in tank fuel pump may contain sub components that have not been correctly nickel plated. This may cause excessive friction leading to the fuel pump being inoperative. The driver may experience a no start condition or in the worst case an engine stall. A warning lamp and error message will display. Steering and brakes will still function.
- Remedy
- Recall the vehicles that are likely to be affected and replace the in tank fuel pump with a modified version.
Fuel pump may fail and cause a stall
Improper nickel plating inside the fuel pump may cause it to fail, possibly stalling the vehicle without warning and increasing crash risk. Dealers will replace the fuel pump free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- FUEL SYSTEM, GASOLINE:DELIVERY:FUEL PUMP
- Defect
- BMW of North America LLC (BMW) is recalling certain model year 2014 228i Coupe, M235i Coupe, 320i, 320xi, 328i, 328xi, 335i, 335xi, ActiveHybrid 3, 328xi Sports Wagon, 428i Coupe, 428xi Coupe, 435i Coupe, 435xi Coupe, 428i Convertible, 428xi Convertible, 435i Convertible, 328xi Gran Turismo, 335xi Gran Turismo, and 2015 428i Gran Coupe, 428xi Gran Coupe, and 435i Gran Coupe vehicles. Improper nickel plating of components within the fuel pump may result in the fuel pump failing.
- Consequence
- If the fuel pump fails, the vehicle may stall without warning, increasing the risk of a crash.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will replace the fuel pump, free of charge. Owners were mailed interim notices on May 28, 2015. The recall began on July 6, 2015. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Driver's front airbag may deploy at the wrong time
A software error may cause the driver's front airbag to deploy at the wrong time, increasing the risk of injury in a crash. Dealers will update the airbag control module software free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- AIR BAGS
- Defect
- BMW of North America, LLC (BMW) is recalling certain model year 2015 428i Convertible, 428i xDrive Convertible, 435i Convertible, and 435i xDrive Convertible vehicles manufactured October 22, 2014, to February 27, 2015. Due to a programming error, the driver's front air bag deployment timing may be incorrect. As such, these vehicles fail to comply with the requirements of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) No. 208, "Occupant Crash Protection."
- Consequence
- If the driver's front air bag deployment timing is incorrect, there is an increased risk of personal injury in the event of a vehicle crash.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will reprogram the air bag control module with corrected software version, free of charge. The recall began May 11, 2015. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Driver seatbelt may be difficult to pull out
A faulty driver seatbelt retractor may make the belt hard to pull out or prevent it from being pulled out below zero degrees, so the driver may not be able to use it as intended. The belt will be checked and replaced if necessary.
Official DVSA recall text
- Component
- SEAT BELT MAY MALFUNCTION
- Defect
- On affected vehicles the Driver's seatbelt retractor may be faulty. The seat belt may be hard to pull out or below zero degrees it may not be possible to pull the belt out. In these instances a driver may not be able to use the belt as intended.
- Remedy
- On affected vehicles Check belt operation and replace belt if necessary
Brake vacuum pump may fail
Insufficient lubrication may cause the brake vacuum pump to fail, reducing braking power and increasing crash risk. Dealers will install a locking ring in the camshaft to keep the seal disk in position free of charge.
Official NHTSA recall text
- Component
- SERVICE BRAKES, HYDRAULIC:POWER ASSIST:VACUUM:HOSES, LINES/PIPING, AND FITTINGS
- Defect
- BMW of North America LLC (BMW) is recalling certain model year 2014 BMW 328i xDrive Sports Wagon, 2012-2014 BMW 320i Sedan, 328i Sedan, 320i xDrive Sedan, 328i xDrive Sedan, 2012-2013 BMW 528i Sedan, 528i xDrive Sedan, 2013-2014 BMW X1 sDrive28i, X1 xDrive28i Sports Activity Vehicle, 2013-2014 BMW X3 xDrive28i Sports Activity Vehicle, 2012-2014 BMW Z4 sDrive28i Roadster, and 2014 BMW 428i Coupe, and 428i xDrive Coupe. Due to insufficient lubrication, the vacuum pump that supplies brake power assistance may fail. Note: This recall is an expansion of recall 13V-454.
- Consequence
- A failure of the brake vacuum pump results in a reduction in braking power that could increase the risk of a crash.
- Remedy
- BMW will notify owners, and dealers will install a locking ring in the camshaft to retain the camshaft seal disk in the proper location, free of charge. The recall began on December 2, 2014. Owners may contact BMW customer service at 1-800-525-7417.
- Notes
- Owners may also contact the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Vehicle Safety Hotline at 1-888-327-4236 (TTY 1-800-424-9153), or go to www.safercar.gov.
Sources: NHTSA (US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration), DVSA (UK Driver and Vehicle Standards Agency) and the EU Safety Gate (European Commission) recall data. Each recall covers vehicles sold in that market; models sold elsewhere may differ.